{"id":14968,"date":"2025-12-10T15:49:47","date_gmt":"2025-12-10T15:49:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zbt.de\/projects\/frozen-strategies-for-the-safe-use-of-fuel-cells-at-low-temperatures\/"},"modified":"2026-03-16T15:19:44","modified_gmt":"2026-03-16T15:19:44","slug":"frozen-strategies-for-the-safe-use-of-fuel-cells-at-low-temperatures","status":"publish","type":"project","link":"https:\/\/zbt.de\/en\/projects\/frozen-strategies-for-the-safe-use-of-fuel-cells-at-low-temperatures\/","title":{"rendered":"FROZEN - Strategies for the safe use of fuel cells at low temperatures"},"content":{"rendered":"<section class=\"intro-grid intro-grid--light\" dir=\"rtl\">\n    <div class=\"intro-grid__content\" dir=\"ltr\">\n        <h1 class=\"intro-grid__heading\">FROZEN &#8211; Strategies for the safe use of fuel cells at very low temperatures<\/h1>\n                    <div class=\"intro-grid__teaser\"><p>Fuel cells are supposed to be a reliable alternative drive system for transportation and mobility, even in very cold regions. But what effect do sub-zero temperatures have on PEM fuel cells? And what are the operating strategies that prevent frost-related damage? The FROZEN consortium is getting to the bottom of these questions.   <\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <div class=\"intro-grid__text\"><p>To ensure that <strong>fuel cells<\/strong> can also be used reliably and permanently for mobile applications in cold regions, we need to understand <strong>frost-induced degradation mechanisms<\/strong> even better and develop strategies to prevent frost damage. The ZBT, the Chair of Thermodynamics of Mobile Energy Conversion Systems (TME) at RWTH Aachen University and EKPO Fuel Cell Technologies are currently working together on this in the <strong>FROZEN research project<\/strong>. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <figure class=\"intro-grid__figure\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"780\" src=\"https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2025\/12\/aaron-burden-RgTI2KaQ5N4-unsplash-frozen-bubble-1024x780.jpg\" class=\"intro-grid__image\" alt=\"A frozen soap bubble backlit \u2013 photo by Aaron Burden on Unsplash\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2025\/12\/aaron-burden-RgTI2KaQ5N4-unsplash-frozen-bubble-1024x780.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2025\/12\/aaron-burden-RgTI2KaQ5N4-unsplash-frozen-bubble-300x229.jpg 300w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2025\/12\/aaron-burden-RgTI2KaQ5N4-unsplash-frozen-bubble-768x585.jpg 768w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2025\/12\/aaron-burden-RgTI2KaQ5N4-unsplash-frozen-bubble-1536x1170.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2025\/12\/aaron-burden-RgTI2KaQ5N4-unsplash-frozen-bubble-1320x1006.jpg 1320w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2025\/12\/aaron-burden-RgTI2KaQ5N4-unsplash-frozen-bubble.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\n                    <\/figure>\n    <\/section>\n<section class=\"teaser-grid teaser-grid--white\"\n    dir=\"ltr\">\n    <div class=\"teaser-grid__content\" dir=\"ltr\">\n        <h2 class=\"teaser-grid__heading\"><\/h2>\n        <div class=\"teaser-grid__text\"><p>At the latest project meeting at the TME, current test results on <strong>freeze-thaw cycles<\/strong> and <strong>freeze starts<\/strong> were discussed. The focus was on the investigation of material changes under frost stress, the simulation of freeze-thaw cycles and freeze starts as well as the development of models to <strong>predict damage mechanisms<\/strong>. The next steps for operating single cells and short stacks at sub-zero temperatures in the laboratory were also planned.  <\/p>\n<p>The productive exchange shows how closely industry and research work together in FROZEN to enable the safe and long-lasting operation of fuel cells even at low temperatures.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <figure class=\"teaser-grid__figure\" dir=\"ltr\">\n                                <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1962\" height=\"1145\" src=\"https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2025\/12\/projekt-frozen-frostschaeden-brennstoffzellen-gruppenbild-projekttreffen.jpg\" class=\"teaser-grid__image\" alt=\"Group photo of nine people in front of a white wall\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2025\/12\/projekt-frozen-frostschaeden-brennstoffzellen-gruppenbild-projekttreffen.jpg 1962w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2025\/12\/projekt-frozen-frostschaeden-brennstoffzellen-gruppenbild-projekttreffen-300x175.jpg 300w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2025\/12\/projekt-frozen-frostschaeden-brennstoffzellen-gruppenbild-projekttreffen-1024x598.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2025\/12\/projekt-frozen-frostschaeden-brennstoffzellen-gruppenbild-projekttreffen-768x448.jpg 768w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2025\/12\/projekt-frozen-frostschaeden-brennstoffzellen-gruppenbild-projekttreffen-1536x896.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2025\/12\/projekt-frozen-frostschaeden-brennstoffzellen-gruppenbild-projekttreffen-1320x770.jpg 1320w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1962px) 100vw, 1962px\" \/>\n        <div class=\"flex teaser-grid__overlay teaser-grid__overlay--transparent\">\n                    <\/div>\n            <\/figure>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"teaser-grid teaser-grid--dark\"\n    dir=\"rtl\">\n    <div class=\"teaser-grid__content\" dir=\"ltr\">\n        <h2 class=\"teaser-grid__heading\">Project information<\/h2>\n        <div class=\"teaser-grid__text\"><p><strong>Project title:<\/strong> FROZEN &#8211; Frost damage to PEM fuel cells for mobile applications and strategies for safe use at low temperatures<\/p>\n<p><strong>Project partners:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>EKPO Fuel Cell Technologies<\/li>\n<li>Chair of Thermodynamics of Mobile Energy Conversion Systems (TME) at RWTH Aachen University<\/li>\n<li>ZBT &#8211; The Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Center<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Project management organisation:<\/strong> Project Management J\u00fclich (PtJ)<\/p>\n<p>The project is being funded as part of the &#8220;Hydrogen Republic of Germany&#8221; ideas competition organised by the Federal Ministry of Research, Technology and Space (BMFTR) as part of the German government&#8217;s 7th Energy Research Programme.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <figure class=\"teaser-grid__figure\" dir=\"ltr\">\n                                <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1283\" src=\"https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2025\/12\/erin-mckenna-QjTUB3TMmLM-unsplash-eiskristalle.jpg\" class=\"teaser-grid__image\" alt=\"Ice crystals \u2013 Photo by Erin McKenna on Unsplash\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2025\/12\/erin-mckenna-QjTUB3TMmLM-unsplash-eiskristalle.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2025\/12\/erin-mckenna-QjTUB3TMmLM-unsplash-eiskristalle-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2025\/12\/erin-mckenna-QjTUB3TMmLM-unsplash-eiskristalle-1024x684.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2025\/12\/erin-mckenna-QjTUB3TMmLM-unsplash-eiskristalle-768x513.jpg 768w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2025\/12\/erin-mckenna-QjTUB3TMmLM-unsplash-eiskristalle-1536x1026.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2025\/12\/erin-mckenna-QjTUB3TMmLM-unsplash-eiskristalle-1320x882.jpg 1320w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\n        <div class=\"flex teaser-grid__overlay teaser-grid__overlay--transparent\">\n                    <\/div>\n            <\/figure>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"contact-person contact-person--white\" dir=\"ltr\">\n        <div class=\"contact-person__content\" dir=\"ltr\">\n            <h3 class=\"contact-person__heading\">Contact<\/h3>\n            <div class=\"contact-person__text\"><p>Group Manager Materials Analysis and Quality Assurance<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/zbt.de\/en\/institute\/departments\/neue-materialien-technologien\/\">New Materials and Technologies Department<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <div class=\"flex flex-col gap-1\">\n                <div class=\"contact-person__name\">\n                    Verena Lukassek\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"flex flex-col gap-2\">\n                <div class=\"flex flex-row items-center gap-2\">\n                    <i><svg class=\"w-4 h-4\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" fill=\"currentColor\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"><path d=\"M375.8 275.2c-16.4-7-35.4-2.4-46.7 11.4l-33.2 40.6c-46-26.7-84.4-65.1-111.1-111.1L225.3 183c13.8-11.3 18.5-30.3 11.4-46.7l-48-112C181.2 6.7 162.3-3.1 143.6 .9l-112 24C13.2 28.8 0 45.1 0 64v0C0 300.7 183.5 494.5 416 510.9c4.5 .3 9.1 .6 13.7 .8c0 0 0 0 0 0c0 0 0 0 .1 0c6.1 .2 12.1 .4 18.3 .4l0 0c18.9 0 35.2-13.2 39.1-31.6l24-112c4-18.7-5.8-37.6-23.4-45.1l-112-48zM447.7 480C218.1 479.8 32 293.7 32 64v0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0c0-3.8 2.6-7 6.3-7.8l112-24c3.7-.8 7.5 1.2 9 4.7l48 112c1.4 3.3 .5 7.1-2.3 9.3l-40.6 33.2c-12.1 9.9-15.3 27.2-7.4 40.8c29.5 50.9 71.9 93.3 122.7 122.7c13.6 7.9 30.9 4.7 40.8-7.4l33.2-40.6c2.3-2.8 6.1-3.7 9.3-2.3l112 48c3.5 1.5 5.5 5.3 4.7 9l-24 112c-.8 3.7-4.1 6.3-7.8 6.3c-.1 0-.2 0-.3 0z\"\/><\/svg><\/i>\n                    <span class=\"contact-person__phone\"><\/span>\n                <\/div>\n                <div class=\"flex flex-row items-center gap-2\">\n                    <i><svg class=\"w-4 h-4\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" fill=\"currentColor\" viewBox=\"0 0 640 512\"><!--!Font Awesome Pro 6.7.2 by @fontawesome - https:\/\/fontawesome.com License - https:\/\/fontawesome.com\/license (Commercial License) Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d=\"M96 384l32-16 96-48 160 0 32 0 0-32 0-256 0-32L384 0 32 0 0 0 0 32 0 288l0 32 32 0 32 0 32 0 0 28.2 0 3.8 0 32zm113.7-92.6L128 332.2l0-12.2 0-32-32 0-64 0L32 32l352 0 0 256-160 0-7.6 0-6.8 3.4zM256 448l32 0 128 0 96 48 32 16 0-32 0-3.8 0-28.2 32 0 32 0 32 0 0-32 0-256 0-32-32 0-160 0 0 32 160 0 0 256-64 0-32 0 0 32 0 12.2-81.7-40.8-6.8-3.4-7.6 0-128 0 0-64-32 0 0 64 0 32z\"\/><\/svg><\/i>\n                    <span class=\"contact-person__email\">\n                        <a href=\"mailto:v.lukassek@zbt.de\">v.lukassek@zbt.de<\/a>\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <figure class=\"contact-person__figure\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"684\" src=\"https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2024\/10\/BildHomepage_VLK-1024x684.jpg\" class=\"contact-person__image\" alt=\"Verena Lukassek, Staff photo\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2024\/10\/BildHomepage_VLK-1024x684.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2024\/10\/BildHomepage_VLK-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2024\/10\/BildHomepage_VLK-768x513.jpg 768w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2024\/10\/BildHomepage_VLK-1536x1025.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2024\/10\/BildHomepage_VLK-2048x1367.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2024\/10\/BildHomepage_VLK-1320x881.jpg 1320w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\n                                    <a href=\"mailto:v.lukassek@zbt.de\" target=\"_self\" class=\"contact-person__link\">\n              <div\n                  class=\"flex contact-person__overlay contact-person__overlay--transparent\">\n                                <\/div>\n            <\/a>\n        <\/figure>\n    <\/div>\n<section class=\"latest-project latest-project--light\">\n            <h2 class=\"latest-project__heading\">Other current projects<\/h2>\n    \n            <div class=\"latest-project__grid\">\n                                                                                                <div class=\"latest-project__item\">\n                            <a href=\"https:\/\/zbt.de\/en\/projects\/pemelyonroll-scalable-roll-to-roll-production-for-pem-electrolysis-meas\/\" class=\"project-card\" title=\"PEMELYonROLL: Scalable roll-to-roll production for PEM electrolysis MEAs\">\n    <div class=\"project-card__header\">\n        <figure class=\"project-card__figure\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"577\" src=\"https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2026\/04\/KickOff_PEMELYonROLL-1024x577.jpg\" class=\"project-card__image wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2026\/04\/KickOff_PEMELYonROLL-1024x577.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2026\/04\/KickOff_PEMELYonROLL-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2026\/04\/KickOff_PEMELYonROLL-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2026\/04\/KickOff_PEMELYonROLL-1536x865.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2026\/04\/KickOff_PEMELYonROLL-1320x743.jpg 1320w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2026\/04\/KickOff_PEMELYonROLL.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\n        <\/figure>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"project-card__body\">\n        <time class=\"project-card__published\" datetime=\"2026-04-07T07:42:44+00:00\">\n            7. April, 2026\n        <\/time>\n        <h4 class=\"project-card__title\">PEMELYonROLL: Scalable roll-to-roll production for PEM electrolysis MEAs<\/h4>\n        <p class=\"project-card__text\">The PEMELYonROLL project is developing scalable manufacturing processes for high-performance CCM and MEA for PEM water electrolysis. The aim is to develop material-efficient, quality-assured and industry-oriented manufacturing processes. <\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"project-card__footer\">\n        <div class=\"project-card__action\">\n            <span class=\"project-card__more\">Read more<\/span>\n            <i class=\"project-card__arrow\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" fill=\"currentColor\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\"><path d=\"M435.3 267.3L446.6 256l-11.3-11.3-168-168L256 65.4 233.4 88l11.3 11.3L385.4 240 16 240 0 240l0 32 16 0 369.4 0L244.7 412.7 233.4 424 256 446.6l11.3-11.3 168-168z\"\/><\/svg><\/i>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/a>                        <\/div>\n                                                                                                        <div class=\"latest-project__item\">\n                            <a href=\"https:\/\/zbt.de\/en\/projects\/nereus-next-generation-scalable-aem-electrolysers-as-sustainable-hydrogen-production-system\/\" class=\"project-card\" title=\"NEREUS - Next-Generation Scalable AEM Electrolysers as Sustainable Hydrogen Production System\">\n    <div class=\"project-card__header\">\n        <figure class=\"project-card__figure\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2025\/08\/20250630_095436-768x1024.jpg\" class=\"project-card__image wp-post-image\" alt=\"Laboratory Test Bench\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2025\/08\/20250630_095436-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2025\/08\/20250630_095436-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2025\/08\/20250630_095436-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2025\/08\/20250630_095436-1536x2048.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2025\/08\/20250630_095436-1320x1760.jpg 1320w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2025\/08\/20250630_095436-scaled.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\n        <\/figure>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"project-card__body\">\n        <time class=\"project-card__published\" datetime=\"2026-03-30T14:45:08+00:00\">\n            30. March, 2026\n        <\/time>\n        <h4 class=\"project-card__title\">NEREUS &#8211; Next-Generation Scalable AEM Electrolysers as Sustainable Hydrogen Production System<\/h4>\n        <p class=\"project-card__text\">NEREUS develops next-generation anion exchange membrane electrolysers (AEM electrolysers) for high-performance, long-lasting and cost-efficient hydrogen production.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"project-card__footer\">\n        <div class=\"project-card__action\">\n            <span class=\"project-card__more\">Read more<\/span>\n            <i class=\"project-card__arrow\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" fill=\"currentColor\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\"><path d=\"M435.3 267.3L446.6 256l-11.3-11.3-168-168L256 65.4 233.4 88l11.3 11.3L385.4 240 16 240 0 240l0 32 16 0 369.4 0L244.7 412.7 233.4 424 256 446.6l11.3-11.3 168-168z\"\/><\/svg><\/i>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/a>                        <\/div>\n                                                                                                        <div class=\"latest-project__item\">\n                            <a href=\"https:\/\/zbt.de\/en\/projects\/fency-pem-production-and-use-of-precious-metal-free-fe-n-c-catalysts\/\" class=\"project-card\" title=\"FeNCy-PEM - Production and use of precious metal-free Fe-N-C catalysts\">\n    <div class=\"project-card__header\">\n        <figure class=\"project-card__figure\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"656\" src=\"https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2026\/03\/NvdS-1802-1024x656.jpg\" class=\"project-card__image wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2026\/03\/NvdS-1802-1024x656.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2026\/03\/NvdS-1802-300x192.jpg 300w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2026\/03\/NvdS-1802-768x492.jpg 768w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2026\/03\/NvdS-1802-1536x983.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2026\/03\/NvdS-1802-2048x1311.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2026\/03\/NvdS-1802-1320x845.jpg 1320w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\n        <\/figure>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"project-card__body\">\n        <time class=\"project-card__published\" datetime=\"2026-03-30T11:33:48+00:00\">\n            30. March, 2026\n        <\/time>\n        <h4 class=\"project-card__title\">FeNCy-PEM &#8211; Production and use of precious metal-free Fe-N-C catalysts<\/h4>\n        <p class=\"project-card__text\">FeNCy-PEM develops scalable, precious metal-free Fe-N-C catalysts and integrates them into the production and application of PEM fuel cells.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"project-card__footer\">\n        <div class=\"project-card__action\">\n            <span class=\"project-card__more\">Read more<\/span>\n            <i class=\"project-card__arrow\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" fill=\"currentColor\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\"><path d=\"M435.3 267.3L446.6 256l-11.3-11.3-168-168L256 65.4 233.4 88l11.3 11.3L385.4 240 16 240 0 240l0 32 16 0 369.4 0L244.7 412.7 233.4 424 256 446.6l11.3-11.3 168-168z\"\/><\/svg><\/i>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/a>                        <\/div>\n                                                                                                        <div class=\"latest-project__item\">\n                            <a href=\"https:\/\/zbt.de\/en\/projects\/hyqualitylab4nrw-laboratory-for-ai-supported-quality-control-and-assurance-in-h2-research\/\" class=\"project-card\" title=\"HyQualityLab4NRW - Laboratory for AI-supported quality control and assurance in H2 research\">\n    <div class=\"project-card__header\">\n        <figure class=\"project-card__figure\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2024\/10\/jrf-gr-154-1024x683.jpg\" class=\"project-card__image wp-post-image\" alt=\"3D X-ray microscope at the ZBT - The Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Center for the investigation of hydrogen technologies\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2024\/10\/jrf-gr-154-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2024\/10\/jrf-gr-154-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2024\/10\/jrf-gr-154-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2024\/10\/jrf-gr-154-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2024\/10\/jrf-gr-154-2048x1366.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2024\/10\/jrf-gr-154-1320x880.jpg 1320w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\n        <\/figure>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"project-card__body\">\n        <time class=\"project-card__published\" datetime=\"2026-03-17T18:30:57+00:00\">\n            17. March, 2026\n        <\/time>\n        <h4 class=\"project-card__title\">HyQualityLab4NRW &#8211; Laboratory for AI-supported quality control and assurance in H2 research<\/h4>\n        <p class=\"project-card__text\">With the &#8220;HyQualityLab4NRW&#8221;, a high-performance AI-supported material analysis laboratory is being set up at the ZBT to enable research institutions and industry to carry out comprehensive quality control of their products.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"project-card__footer\">\n        <div class=\"project-card__action\">\n            <span class=\"project-card__more\">Read more<\/span>\n            <i class=\"project-card__arrow\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" fill=\"currentColor\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\"><path d=\"M435.3 267.3L446.6 256l-11.3-11.3-168-168L256 65.4 233.4 88l11.3 11.3L385.4 240 16 240 0 240l0 32 16 0 369.4 0L244.7 412.7 233.4 424 256 446.6l11.3-11.3 168-168z\"\/><\/svg><\/i>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/a>                        <\/div>\n                                                                                                        <div class=\"latest-project__item\">\n                            <a href=\"https:\/\/zbt.de\/en\/projects\/parzell-qualitative-and-quantitative-pfas-analysis-in-realistic-pem-electrolysis-and-fuel-cell-operation\/\" class=\"project-card\" title=\"PARZELL: Qualitative and quantitative PFAS analysis in realistic PEM electrolysis and fuel cell operation\">\n    <div class=\"project-card__header\">\n        <figure class=\"project-card__figure\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"706\" src=\"https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2025\/02\/17_DSC_2899-Pano-Bearbeitet_ohne_Typenbezeichnung-1024x706.jpg\" class=\"project-card__image wp-post-image\" alt=\"Blick ins Hy-Lab des ZBT - Zentrum f\u00fcr BrennstoffzellenTechnik, in dem Wasserstoffproben auf ihre Reinheit untersucht werden\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2025\/02\/17_DSC_2899-Pano-Bearbeitet_ohne_Typenbezeichnung-1024x706.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2025\/02\/17_DSC_2899-Pano-Bearbeitet_ohne_Typenbezeichnung-300x207.jpg 300w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2025\/02\/17_DSC_2899-Pano-Bearbeitet_ohne_Typenbezeichnung-768x529.jpg 768w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2025\/02\/17_DSC_2899-Pano-Bearbeitet_ohne_Typenbezeichnung-1536x1058.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2025\/02\/17_DSC_2899-Pano-Bearbeitet_ohne_Typenbezeichnung-2048x1411.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2025\/02\/17_DSC_2899-Pano-Bearbeitet_ohne_Typenbezeichnung-1320x910.jpg 1320w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\n        <\/figure>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"project-card__body\">\n        <time class=\"project-card__published\" datetime=\"2026-03-12T09:29:22+00:00\">\n            12. March, 2026\n        <\/time>\n        <h4 class=\"project-card__title\">PARZELL: Qualitative and quantitative PFAS analysis in realistic PEM electrolysis and fuel cell operation<\/h4>\n        <p class=\"project-card__text\">The PARZELL research project systematically investigates the release of PFAS from PEM electrolysers and PEM fuel cells and develops methods to realistically measure, evaluate and reduce emissions in the long term.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"project-card__footer\">\n        <div class=\"project-card__action\">\n            <span class=\"project-card__more\">Read more<\/span>\n            <i class=\"project-card__arrow\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" fill=\"currentColor\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\"><path d=\"M435.3 267.3L446.6 256l-11.3-11.3-168-168L256 65.4 233.4 88l11.3 11.3L385.4 240 16 240 0 240l0 32 16 0 369.4 0L244.7 412.7 233.4 424 256 446.6l11.3-11.3 168-168z\"\/><\/svg><\/i>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/a>                        <\/div>\n                                                                                                        <div class=\"latest-project__item\">\n                            <a href=\"https:\/\/zbt.de\/en\/projects\/hihype-new-aem-technology-for-electrochemical-hydrogen-compressors\/\" class=\"project-card\" title=\"HiHyPe: New AEM technology for electrochemical hydrogen compressors\">\n    <div class=\"project-card__header\">\n        <figure class=\"project-card__figure\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"684\" src=\"https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC_8494-4-1024x684.jpg\" class=\"project-card__image wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC_8494-4-1024x684.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC_8494-4-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC_8494-4-768x513.jpg 768w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC_8494-4-1536x1025.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC_8494-4-2048x1367.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DSC_8494-4-1320x881.jpg 1320w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\n        <\/figure>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"project-card__body\">\n        <time class=\"project-card__published\" datetime=\"2026-03-12T09:01:30+00:00\">\n            12. March, 2026\n        <\/time>\n        <h4 class=\"project-card__title\">HiHyPe: New AEM technology for electrochemical hydrogen compressors<\/h4>\n        <p class=\"project-card__text\">The HiHyPe project is developing a low- to non-precious metal AEM technology for electrochemical hydrogen compressors, thereby strengthening the future of the hydrogen economy.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"project-card__footer\">\n        <div class=\"project-card__action\">\n            <span class=\"project-card__more\">Read more<\/span>\n            <i class=\"project-card__arrow\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" fill=\"currentColor\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\"><path d=\"M435.3 267.3L446.6 256l-11.3-11.3-168-168L256 65.4 233.4 88l11.3 11.3L385.4 240 16 240 0 240l0 32 16 0 369.4 0L244.7 412.7 233.4 424 256 446.6l11.3-11.3 168-168z\"\/><\/svg><\/i>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/a>                        <\/div>\n                                                                                                        <div class=\"latest-project__item\">\n                            <a href=\"https:\/\/zbt.de\/en\/projects\/hy-infra-hydrogen-infrastructure-for-the-rhine-mass-region\/\" class=\"project-card\" title=\"HY-Infra \u2013 Cross-border Project to analyse Hydrogen Infrastructure in the Meuse-Rhine Region\">\n    <div class=\"project-card__header\">\n        <figure class=\"project-card__figure\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2024\/08\/zbt-wasserstoff-testfeld-schalttafel-gespraech-spitta-kvasnicka-1024x683.jpg\" class=\"project-card__image wp-post-image\" alt=\"Two people are discussing matters in front of the main control panel at the hydrogen test filling station on the ZBT hydrogen test site\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2024\/08\/zbt-wasserstoff-testfeld-schalttafel-gespraech-spitta-kvasnicka-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2024\/08\/zbt-wasserstoff-testfeld-schalttafel-gespraech-spitta-kvasnicka-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2024\/08\/zbt-wasserstoff-testfeld-schalttafel-gespraech-spitta-kvasnicka-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2024\/08\/zbt-wasserstoff-testfeld-schalttafel-gespraech-spitta-kvasnicka-1536x1025.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2024\/08\/zbt-wasserstoff-testfeld-schalttafel-gespraech-spitta-kvasnicka-1320x880.jpg 1320w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2024\/08\/zbt-wasserstoff-testfeld-schalttafel-gespraech-spitta-kvasnicka.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\n        <\/figure>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"project-card__body\">\n        <time class=\"project-card__published\" datetime=\"2026-03-04T12:33:01+00:00\">\n            4. March, 2026\n        <\/time>\n        <h4 class=\"project-card__title\">HY-Infra \u2013 Cross-border Project to analyse Hydrogen Infrastructure in the Meuse-Rhine Region<\/h4>\n        <p class=\"project-card__text\">Hy-Infra strengthens the cross-border hydrogen infrastructure in the Rhine-Meuse region. The interregional project creates transparency about future hydrogen requirements and derives the necessary infrastructure by 2030\/2035. <\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"project-card__footer\">\n        <div class=\"project-card__action\">\n            <span class=\"project-card__more\">Read more<\/span>\n            <i class=\"project-card__arrow\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" fill=\"currentColor\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\"><path d=\"M435.3 267.3L446.6 256l-11.3-11.3-168-168L256 65.4 233.4 88l11.3 11.3L385.4 240 16 240 0 240l0 32 16 0 369.4 0L244.7 412.7 233.4 424 256 446.6l11.3-11.3 168-168z\"\/><\/svg><\/i>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/a>                        <\/div>\n                                                                                                        <div class=\"latest-project__item\">\n                            <a href=\"https:\/\/zbt.de\/en\/projects\/nh3avi-process-for-the-inline-production-of-metal-supported-sofc-meas-for-aviation\/\" class=\"project-card\" title=\"NH3Avi - Inline production of metal-supported SOFC MEAs for aviation\">\n    <div class=\"project-card__header\">\n        <figure class=\"project-card__figure\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_0575-768x1024.jpeg\" class=\"project-card__image wp-post-image\" alt=\"Teststand im Labor\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_0575-768x1024.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_0575-225x300.jpeg 225w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_0575-1152x1536.jpeg 1152w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_0575-1320x1760.jpeg 1320w, https:\/\/zbt.de\/app\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_0575.jpeg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\n        <\/figure>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"project-card__body\">\n        <time class=\"project-card__published\" datetime=\"2026-03-04T12:09:19+00:00\">\n            4. March, 2026\n        <\/time>\n        <h4 class=\"project-card__title\">NH3Avi &#8211; Inline production of metal-supported SOFC MEAs for aviation<\/h4>\n        <p class=\"project-card__text\">Climate-neutral flying requires new energy sources &#8211; and new production technologies. NH3Avi is developing metal-supported SOFC membrane electrode assemblies (MEA) for use with ammonia in aviation. <\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"project-card__footer\">\n        <div class=\"project-card__action\">\n            <span class=\"project-card__more\">Read more<\/span>\n            <i class=\"project-card__arrow\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" fill=\"currentColor\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\"><path d=\"M435.3 267.3L446.6 256l-11.3-11.3-168-168L256 65.4 233.4 88l11.3 11.3L385.4 240 16 240 0 240l0 32 16 0 369.4 0L244.7 412.7 233.4 424 256 446.6l11.3-11.3 168-168z\"\/><\/svg><\/i>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/a>                        <\/div>\n                                                                        <\/div>\n    <\/section>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What effect do sub-zero temperatures have on PEM fuel cells? And what are the operating strategies that prevent frost-related damage? The FROZEN consortium is getting to the bottom of these questions.  <\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":13969,"parent":0,"template":"","class_list":["post-14968","project","type-project","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":{"date":null},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>FROZEN - Strategies for the safe use of fuel cells at low temperatures - Zentrum f\u00fcr BrennstoffzellenTechnik GmbH<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/zbt.de\/en\/projects\/frozen-strategies-for-the-safe-use-of-fuel-cells-at-low-temperatures\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"FROZEN - Strategies for the safe use of fuel cells at low temperatures - Zentrum f\u00fcr BrennstoffzellenTechnik GmbH\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"What effect do sub-zero temperatures have on PEM fuel cells? And what are the operating strategies that prevent frost-related damage? 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